VPD Calculator

The relationship between temperature and humidity is extremely important when maintaining water movement through the plant. This relationship is referred to as vapour pressure deficit (VPD; measured in kPa) which compares the amount of moisture in the ambient air, to the amount of moisture in the air surrounding the plant. It is a driving force for transpiration and determines how quickly or slowly the moisture moves out of the plant. Ambient air that is low in moisture is going to draw a lot more water through the plant compared to ambient air with high humidity. The rate that the water is pulled out of the plant's stomata is linked to the amount of water pulled through the stem and up from the roots. The faster you pull moisture through those leaves, the more readily water needs to be replenished in the root system.   

High VPD

•  low moisture content in the ambient air
•  big difference in moisture content between the air and the plant
• water is rapidly pulled from the plant leaves, putting pressure on the roots to transport more water

Low VPD

•       high moisture content in the ambient air
•       small difference in moisture content between the air and the plant
•       water is not pulled from the plant as quickly
•       more vegetative plant

How do I know where I stand?

Dr Greenhouse has formulated a cannabis-specific calculator to help determine where you stand when it comes to your vapour pressure deficit! By plugging in the known temperature and humidity for your grow space, the calculator will let you know if you are on track with where you should be!

The chart posted on the website can be used to help visualize the energy relationships of moist air. By maintaining a VPD in the target zone (shown in green in the chart below), you can rest assured that the air-water relations have been optimized within the plant and discourage vegetative crop growth. Once you start steering towards the danger zones on either side, an adjustment should be made to get back into the target zone. Fluctuation in temperature or humidity is okay as long as the appropriate adjustments are made to keep the system in balance!

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

Managing a Substrate-Based Production System

The shift from soil to substrate is more involved than simply switching the grow medium and hoping for the best. Every base growing material is going to have different physical and chemical properties that impact the way it behaves in production. As a result, management is going to vary across soilless substrates. Despite the differences across alternative grow media, there are a handful of things, however, which do hold true when switching out of soil-based crop production

Irrigation Management is Crucial. 

Managing the water demands of a crop that is restricted to its container is very different than that same crop being grown in 'infinite' soil. The biggest differences you will see is the rate at which it dries out - a 4L pot has a significantly decreased ability to hold moisture compared to a soil-based farm. On that same note, the ability to drain water is also different when producing in a restricted volume of growing media. The potential for over-saturation of the growing media, as well as the heightened risk of salt accumulation, are also important characteristics to be aware of. 

Growing in a container is going to result in a smaller root volume on a plant, which is going to impact the ability to uptake water. For containerized crops we see that water needs to be more readily available for uptake compared to a soil based system. This metric is referred to as 'moisture tension'. Moisture tension can be measured a handful of ways (tensiometers, squeeze tests, capacitance probes), and it is important to recognize that the target moisture tension values are going to be different than a soil-based system. The ideal moisture tension for peat-based tomatoes runs from 1 to -5kPa, which is higher than what a field producer would aim for. By maintaining the moisture tension in this range, the plant roots have consistent access to water that is readily available for uptake. Values higher than this indicate a substrate that is too wet, which will limit air pockets in the media and increase the risk of disease in the roots. Values lower than this mean that your substrate is running too dry for your crop. The miniaturized root system is unable to extract water from the pore spaces in the media, and plant growth will be immediately impacted. 

Fertilizer Management Regime

Soilless substrate inherently contains very little, if not zero, baseline nutrition for your crop. While soil systems rely on pre-treatment of the soil and scattered nutrient applications through the season, a substrate-grown crop should be fertigated multiple times per day. By combining your irrigation and soluble fertilizer applications, you can be sure that the crop is getting the right amount of nutrients to sustain healthy and productive plant growth. 

What happens if I only fertigate once a day, and the remainder of the crop receives straight water? Any fertilizer that has been applied will be significantly diluted, if not completely run out of your substrate by selectively applying fertilizer through the day. Consistency bodes well for containerized crops in producing a healthy and productive root system, so save yourselves the trouble and plan accordingly for your daily watering regime. 

The soluble fertilizers that are being introduced into your system should be monitored on a regular basis. Daily checks of the EC and pH of the water that is being fed to your crop will ensure that your dosing system is working properly and that your fertilizer mix was diluted accordingly. These systems can see change on a daily basis, so it is important to stay on top of it to maintain healthy plant growth.

Speaking of pH....the target values for a soilless substrate are going to be lower than what you are aiming for in a soil-based system. While this depends on what the base material of your growing media is, you can anticipate that the pH of the fertigation solution should be somewhere in the 5.4-5.8 range.

If you are interested in learning more about managing a substrate-based production system, click here to check out our new factsheet. If you have any questions that were not addressed here, don't hesitate to reach out and we will be happy to talk to you about your production setup.

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

Webinar Alert - Energy Alternatives in Protected Production

  Greenhouse Canada is hosting two free webinars on energy that are coming up soon!

Thurs May 5 at 3pm (Atlantic):  Biomass – Fire up the greenhouse

Biomass may be considered a renewable energy source, but where does it fit into Canada’s clean energy future for greenhouse agriculture? Learn about its use, the importance of fuel sources, as well as new developments that could give it a place on the journey towards net-zero emissions. Register here: https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_s8xsNXl7Rd-jNwiaB_tG0A

Wed. May 11 at 3pm (Atlantic): Reducing Carbon Emissions – Now and in the Future

What can greenhouse growers and vertical farming operations do to reduce their carbon emissions both now and over the next decade? This webinar will be centred around three main pillars: natural gas, demand-side management and low carbon solutions. Register here: https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_fVz9J78TS-WX5SlGY1E_aw

Each session will have a live Q&A, where you will have an opportunity to chat to the experts directly! Can't attend the event? Registering for the webinar will give you direct access to the recording afterwards, so it is worth putting your name in!

More info and registration can be found in the links above! See you there

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

Upcoming Webinar: Phosphorus and Cannabis - How much is Enough?

April 28, 12:00 - 1:00 pm EST sets the stage for the next webinar in the GrowON series, organized by extension staff at OMAFRA. As the cost of fertilizer increases, greenhouse growers of all shapes and sizes are looking for ways to optimize nutrient use efficiency in order to manage the costs of the inputs. Phosphorus, being an important nutrient for plant production, is the focus of today's talk. Bill MacDonald, the coordinator of the commercial cannabis program at Niagara College, will talk about the results of phosphorus deficiency trials conducted over the last few years in Cannabis. Following this discussion, there will be a review of other nutrition work that has been done to help dial in the ideal recipe for your crop. 

In September 2018, Niagara College became the first post secondary institute in Canada to obtain a Health Canada license specifically to grow cannabis with the intention of training students. Prior to joining Niagara College, Bill MacDonald owned and managed greenhouses, and spent 8 years consulting in the cannabis industry. He has a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture and a Master of Science in Plant nutrition from the University of Guelph, so he is well versed in all things cannabis nutrition.

If you are interested in learning more about the role Phosphorus plays in your crop, and getting a better idea of the impact of varying nutrient levels on your crop, click here to register for the session. 

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

Cannacopia – Key Concepts for Cannabis Success

 

Introducing the first official workshop hosted by the BloomLabs team! This presentation can be viewed on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbb-PNiTFpc. Please follow this link if you’re interested!  

Topics of discussion included the following:

Sarah discusses facility and product overview from Olli Brands Inc., a leader in cannabis edibles in Canada, who has tons of great and unique flavours to try! P.S. You may want to try their chocolate brownies or cookies! Sarah outlines new product development processes and how Olli can help you bring your ideas to life.

Mike, from Professional Cleaning Solutions, discussed cleaning in the industry. Sanitation is a key concept for any cannabis producer to mitigate any mould or mildew, including affecting the environment negatively. Mike chats about topics like training, health and safety, environmental impacts, Good Production Practices (in the Cannabis Regulations!), sanitation and environmental programs, and more!

Dr. Punja discusses the various pathogens in greenhouses, which can be compared to indoor growth as well. Diseases infect roots, foliage, as well as flower and are all important when growing cannabis, especially for disease management. Dr. Punja discusses the types of pathogens, as well as biological controls that can mitigate the diseases. If you have powdery mildew, moulds, root rot, etc., check out this presentation! Afterall, it is very common, cannabis is a live flower!

Ricardo, our Senior Microbiologist at BloomLabs, discusses the concerns with bacterial and mould contaminants. Ricardo walks through the types of bacteria and mould we test for at BloomLabs in cannabis. Cannabis can have some anti-microbial properties, but as it is for human consumption, producers must make sure it’s safe for human health. This presentation identifies contamination points during production and discusses services Bloom offers to help mitigate issues, such as air quality testing, environmental swabbing, etc.

Services from the BloomLabs Cannabis Accelerator Team, Talia and Chelsea, include production services, from seed to sale, including irrigation systems, substrate information, pest management practices, and more! We also offer cannabis edible product development, as well as shelf-life studies! We work with clients from start to finish to get their products to the market. BloomLabs can work with you, either on site or online, to grow your company and products

 

BloomLabs had a great time hosting this workshop and we plan to host more of these types of information sessions! We allowed for Q&A period which many viewers got to ask specific questions about products or requirements. Please keep an eye out for our next workshop (we’ll also be sending an email out to our current email list, so please reach out if you’d like to hear from us!)!

Selecting Soilless Substrate

 

Soilless substrates are used across the world, offering a solution to those with difficult soils to grow on, or those who are looking to increase efficiencies when it comes to nutrient and water inputs. These substrates are comprised of non-soil components, but still provide the structural support needed by the plant in order to grow.

When it comes to the base material used for soilless grow media, there are two groups: synthetic and non-synthetic products. 

How do I chose what substrate to use?

While both synthetic and non-synthetic substrates are good options for providing structural support, nutrients and water to the plant root system through the cropping cycle, there are a few key questions to consider when purchasing a growing media:

1) What is the cost? 

Substrates are not created equally when it comes to cost. It is not recommended, however to chose the cheapest/most expensive one without understanding what you are getting with it. It is definitely an important factor to consider, but make sure that you understand the rest of the list below when making your choice. 

2) Where is the material coming from?

In COVID times, shipping delays are all too real for producers of all shapes and sizes. This should definitely be a consideration if you have yet to order your growing media for the upcoming season. There are many local substrate providers who might be able to fill your needs without having to ship overseas. 

3) What is the baseline nutritional status of the media?

While soilless substrates do not have much to offer in terms of baseline nutrients, it is important to realize that there are differences between the base materials. Some substrates are going to be more prone to having high initial salt levels compared to others, and if the media is not treated properly, these salts can be very damaging to your new crop. Be sure to ask your provider about your substrate and the treatments it has received. 

4) What is the particle density, porosity and particle size range of my substrate? 

These are key parameters that are going to determine how well or how poorly your substrate holds on to water. A substrate with tiny particles, means that the air and water spaces within your media are also going to be very small. This makes it harder for the plant to pull water out of those air spaces. It is also difficult for this water to drain out of the media, meaning the roots are more prone to sit in a wet matrix, regardless of the time of day. This has a tendency to lead to root disease and sub-optimal plant productivity. On the other end of that spectrum, large particles have very little capacity to hold onto water, meaning you are significantly increasing the number of irrigation events throughout the day to sustain plant growth. 

5) How do I want to handle my substrate?

Substrate is available for purchase in a few different forms. It can be purchased in large bulk orders, where the producer must hydrate, divide up into the individual growing containers, and then move those containers into the growing space. The other option is to purchase pre-filled slabs (also referred to as grow bags). Some crops have the option for specialized containers that help mitigate some production issues that typically develop down the line, while others don't. It is up to the producer, the target crop, and the labour force available, to decide which method is going to work best for that particular operation. 

6) What am I going to do with my substrate now that I'm finished with it?

This is where things get a little hairy. Synthetic substrates cannot be composted, and usually require transport off site for disposal. Non-synthetic substrates do have the option for composting, but must be done in a strategic way to prevent the accidental creation of an oasis for lingering insects and disease. This
plays in to point number 5 as well - removing the inner contents of a slab wrapped in plastic is much more time consuming to compost compared to a crop grown in a container.   

_________________________________________________________________________

For those who are new to growing in substrate, these questions can be overwhelming...but never fear! Your Protected Crop Specialist is here. If you have any questions on soilless substrates check out some of Perennia's resources:

• 2020 - 2021 Getting Into the Weeds Session on Soilless Substrate
• Perennia's fact sheet on Substrate
• Contact Talia Plaskett, our Protected Crop Specialist

Making the Most of your IPM Programs

    You found out that you have an insect infestation in your crop, and identified the causal agent. What comes next in deciding how to handle it?

1.       You need to consider the life stage of the target pest. Biological controls are skilled at targeting pests, but this can be restricted to certain stages of the life cycle. Those that are specialized at targeting larvae are not going to be able to knock back a population that is mostly comprised of eggs or adults. While interruption of the life cycle is important for combatting pest outbreaks, you won't necessarily limit the feeding damage that is to come as a result of the current population. 
2.       The life stage of the pest is not the only thing to consider. If you are relying on insects to control your pest population, you need to consider the life stage of the biological you are wanting to use. Releasing eggs compared to releasing larvae can result in different levels of control, establishment and active period in the crop. 
3.       Life stage, life stage, life stage! Where is the crop at in terms of its production cycle? Some biologicals are best applied in the early stages compared to the later ones. For example, releasing an agent that is going to lay eggs that hatch and congregate around the flowers is going to render your product unusable. 
4.       What are the growing conditions in the production space? Similar to plants, diseases and insect pests, biological interventions are going to have an optimum set of conditions to maximize performance. This is especially important when you are growing at lower/higher temperatures and abnormal humidity levels. Some biologicals are going to operate better at lower temperatures ( ex. 10C) compared to others, and you don't want to waste your time repeat testing an agent that is not going to thrive in that particular setting.

      Now that we have decided which biological control agents we want to use, there are a few other things to keep in mind. 

1.       How healthy are the predators that I've ordered? It is important to check the viability of your biological control agents upon receiving them from the insectary. There can be issues with rearing, storage/shipping etc, which can result in sub-optimal pest management. By implementing these health checks before releasing into the crop, you can ensure that you are getting the best quality product and setting your IPM program up for success
2.       It is ideal that you are always releasing fresh biological agents. By storing them for long periods of thime, you are running the risk that they will parasitize each other in their storage container. You could also be reducing the activity of the agents, and will need to spend more money in the long run. By purchasing the amount that you will release each time around, you are one step closer to maximizing the effectiveness of your agent. 
3.       Are the agents I've ordered compatible with each other? While it is likely that you will get some overlap of introduced biological control agents targeting each other, you want to make sure that is not the norm
4.       Are the agents I've ordered compatible with the spray activities happening in the grow room? Oil sprays that are used to suppress insects and disease are not always selective when it comes to drowning out pests.

   Maximizing success and implementing a successful IPM strategy can be a long process, but  taking these things into consideration should help get things started. Preventative pest management strategies are crucial in creating and maintaining a healthy and productive grow space, and there is no time like the present to dive in and re-evaluate your current strategy! 

      Posted by: Talia Plaskett

What to Spray, What to Spray...

Pest and disease management in cannabis is no walk in the park! Not only are you limited in what you can apply to the crop, there are also a lot of products out there to chose from! 

Never fear, Perennia is here!

Every year, the production specialists take the time to create/update our spray guides. These guides contain a wealth of information on registered products, formulations, application rates, REI, PHI and noteworthy comments on working with that particular product. 

While this is no substitute for the actual product label, it can help narrow down the choices of what works best for your grow. Say, for example, you are having an issue with spider mites. You can scroll down to the 'Mites' portion of the guide (or 'control - Find' for the tech savy), and take a look at all of the products that are registered for use in cannabis against mites. 

Some products are going to be more compatible with your production system than others. Say, for example, you have been applying sulfur to manage powdery mildew. Oil sprays are not going to be your best choice to tackle mites in this case, as these may cause some funky side effects on your canopy. This is a fast way to narrow down your search to a product that will be more suitable. 

From there, double check the label, and ensure that you are applying based on their recommendations. Product registrations can change any time of year, and our guides, updated every March, are not going to capture things that have taken place in April...May...June etc. 

Spray happy my friends!

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

Field Research Services

 

We are excited to share with you the launch of our new Field Research Services webpage! Our new site fully showcases our team and the services available to support agriculture research in Nova Scotia.

Our team's knowledge and skillset ensures we are fully equipped to deliver on-farm extension and small plot research. We pride ourselves on performing quality research to ensure accurate results and client satisfaction.

Learn more about the services we offer and take a look at our projects page to see some of our previous work.

Feel free to reach out to us anytime. We would be happy to discuss your research needs.

Let's Light It Up!

Cannabis production takes place both indoors and outdoors in Nova Scotia. While both production systems have their pros and cons, there is no denying that indoor production allows for increased consistency in environmental conditions, as well as year-round growing (structure dependent).  

For greenhouse producers, one of the major hiccups in year-round production is the amount of light available during the winter months. In order to maximize growth (and yield), certain inputs are required to create continuity and consistency through the seasons - One of these potential inputs is artificial lighting. 

For strictly indoor producers, artificial lighting is crucial. This is what will fuel your plant growth year round, and will make up a significant portion of your initial investment and monthly energy costs. 

For those of you who are considering protected production, the adoption of indoor lighting is a big investment, and there are a lot of variables to consider in the decision-making process. Check out our newest factsheet on greenhouse lighting, which explores the pros and cons of LED versus traditional light fixtures, defines light and the various units used to describe it, as well as the tools required to measure it.   

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

SUMMARY of BugBites! Session 5: Fungus Gnats and Shore Flies

Review Part 2: Shore Fly Management

While shore files (Ephydridae) are primarily seen as a nuisance in protected production spaces, they can also degrade the quality of your plants. Adults are known to leave 'fly vomit' behind as they make their way through the production space. These small black specks can be found on plant parts and growing surfaces, and are no aesthetic addition to your pristine green canopies. 

The following information is a summary of session 5 of the BugBites Series: Fungus Gnats and Shorefly Suppression with Beneficial Organisms. To watch the full session, click here! 

Pest Description: 

Adult shore flies, although similar in size to a fungus gnat, are comparable to regular house flies in appearance. These insects can be identified by the 5 white spots on their wings. 

Larvae are semi-aquatic, which can be identified by their Y-shaped breathing tubes. The larvae are semi-aquatic in nature, and can range from cream-coloured to brown.  

Monitoring and Scouting: 

Traditional yellow sticky cards are effective for monitoring and catching adult shore flies. These insects are much stronger fliers compared to fungus gnats, so placement of the yellow sticky cards right at the soil line is less critical. 

Biological Control Options: 

The best method for managing shore fly populations is to manage algae build-up around the facility. The larvae, which are semi-aquatic, rely on algae as their food source. By removing a key part of their reproductive cycle, pest population sizes will be limited. The best way to manage algae is to repair any leaky points along the irrigation system, and carefully sloped surfaces to keep water from pooling. 

Next is insect management. By conducting regular scouting checks of the crop, and maintaining populations of biological control agents, you can limit the degree of pest infestation.

Dalotia coriaria; Rove beetle

• Predator to both shoreflies and fungus gnats
• Both adults and larvae are predatory
• Orange larvae are noticeable in the soil
• Adults readily move around via flight
• Ready establish in greenhouses
• Works well in hydroponic systems

Figure 2. A photo of a rove beetle in the adult (left) and larval (right) stages. stuck to a yellow sticky card.  Image taken from the BugBites! Session 5 presentation

The use of rearing boxes allows for a slow-release approach, and will help maintain beetle populations through the season. Rearing boxes can be as basic as media (ex. peat, vermiculite) set inside a Tupperware container, and supplemented with food (ex dog or fish food, artemia). It is crucial to keep this moist, but not wet. These can be placed under benches.

Steinernema feltiae; entemopathogenic nematode

• Target fungus gnats, shoreflies, thrips pupae and many others
• Forage in the top inch or two of the soil
• Water into your growing media lightly- if they get too far in, they will not be able to combat pest populations
• Not highly mobile
• 50-78F are ideal conditions
• Well suited for greenhouse environments
• Susceptible to being washed away in rockwool
• When growing in rockwool, apply after the last irrigation of the day to give them a chance to establish

Steinernema carpocapsae, entemopathogenic nematode

• Target shore flies, and thrips pupae
• Good at finding mobile pests
• No problem working in/establishing on rockwool
• Lives on soil surface (use very little water when applying to prevent from washing them too deep into the growing media)
• Ideal temp is 57-84
• well suited for greenhouse environments

* Both nematodes listed here can be applied together, since they focus on different parts of the soil.

The key for management here is prevention. By adding nematodes and rove beetles into your production routine, and managing algae growth around the facility, shore fly populations should be significantly reduced. 

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

SUMMARY of BugBites! Session 5: Fungus Gnats and Shore Flies

Review pt 1:Fungus Gnats

Although fungus gnats (Sciaridae) are primarily seen as a nuisance in indoor production spaces, they are responsible for a lot more than that! As a result of their favourite food source (plant roots), these pests are capable of acquiring and spreading fungal disease amongst the crop.

The following information is a summary of session 5 of the BugBites Series: Fungus Gnats and Shorefly Suppression with Beneficial Organisms. To watch the full session, click here! 

Pest Description: 

Adult fungus gnats are mosquito-like insects with long legs, and a characteristic y-shaped wing vein. Adults can be found hanging around or near the soil, mostly under plant canopy. The fungus gnat larvae are white with a shiny black head. Larvae spend most of their time underground and will feed on the roots. 

Figure 1. A photo of an adult fungus gnat stuck to a yellow sticky card. Below, is an image of the fungus gnat larvae. If you look closely, you can see the characteristic black head at the end of the larva. Image taken from the BugBites! Session 5 presentation. 

Monitoring and Scouting: 

Adults are not strong fliers, meaning that sticky cards will only be effective when placed close to the soil line. If placed correctly, traditional sticky cards are a great tool to monitor population sizes.

As an attractant, some growers will use half a potato, or a potato slice, placed in a pot to draw larvae up from the soil. As the larvae are accustomed to feeding on roots, the use of a tuber is a big draw.

For the adults there are various traps available. These traps typically involve the use of an attractant (ex. UV bulb) and a way to capture the insects (sticky cards, soapy water solution etc.). This is useful for general scouting purposes as well as mass trapping.

Biological Control Options: 

As with any biological control program, prevention is the first line of defense in controlling population sizes. By conducting regular scouting checks of the crop, and maintaining populations of biological control agents, you can limit the degree of pest infestation.

Dalotia coriaria; Rove beetle

•  Predator to both shoreflies and fungus gnats
•  Both adults and larvae are predators
• Orange larvae will be noticeable in your soil
• Adults readily move around via flight

• Establish readily in greenhouses and work well in hydroponic systems
  
  

Figure 2. A photo of a rove beetle in the adult (left) and larval (right) stages. stuck to a yellow sticky card.  Image taken from the BugBites! Session 5 presentation

The use of rearing boxes allows for a slow-release approach and will help maintain beetle populations through the season. Rearing boxes can be as basic as media (ex. peat, vermiculite) set inside a Tupperware container, and supplemented with food (ex dog or fish food, artemia). It is crucial to keep this moist, but not wet. These can be placed under benches.

Bacillus thuringeniensis israeleinsis 

•  Functions as a stomach toxin for fungus gnats
•  Best applied via soil drench or chemigation. Irrigation is not ideal as the soil needs to get very wet to allow for good establishment of the biopesticide

Stratiolaelaps scimitus; predatory mite

• Target fungus gnat larvae
•  Well suited for greenhouse environments: optimum development temperature of 25^oC (77^oF)
• Ideal range is 15-30^oC (59-86^oF)
• Live in the top half inch of the soil: best applied to the substrate surface after transplant
• Want to avoid burying too deep in the growing media
• Does not establish well in rockwool
• Persistent control agents, and can provide season-long protection

                                               

Figure 3. An image of an adult predatory mite. Image taken from the BugBites! Session 5 presentation

S. scimitus can be mixed with Dalotia, but it is not recommended to introduce them before adding into the crop. They will feed on each other, so make sure they are spread evenly throughout the canopy when distributed.

Steinernema feltiae; entemopathogenic nematode

• Target fungus gnats, shoreflies, thrips pupae and many others
• Forage in the top inch or two of the soil
• Water into your growing media lightly- if they get too far in, they will not work
• Not highly mobile
• Well suited for greenhouse environments with an ideal temperature range of 10-25^oC (50-78^oF)

• Susceptible to being washed away in rockwool
• When growing in rockwool, apply after the last irrigation of the day to give them a chance to establish

By ensuring thorough protection against all life stages of the fungus gnat, you should be able to keep populations at bay! Prevention is everything, so be sure to apply biologicals preventatively and as needed.

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

Water Woes

Irrigation management can be tricky, especially for those who are experimenting with new systems. From field producers who want to see more consistency in their watering, to those moving into an indoor production space, to those who are experimenting with soilless substrate, we have you covered! The commodity specialists at Perennia decided it was time to buckle down and tackle irrigation as a whole. 

Introducing our "Getting into the Weeds" Series! These sessions were designed to start with the basics, and build up from there, addressing some of the most commonly asked questions in plant agriculture. 

                             

Session 1: Water Movement through the soil - make every drop count
Session 2: Planning and Design of a Drip Irrigation System
Session 3: Operating and Managing a Drip Irrigation System
Session 4: Pivot and Guns: Irrigation System Management
Session 5: Fertigation: Integrating Nutrients with Irrigation Options
Session 6: Making the Switch to Soilless Substrate
Session 7: Irrigating my Soilless Substrate 
Session 8: Disease Management in Irrigated Crops 

Be sure to check these out, and see how your irrigation practices compare! 

Posted by: Talia Plaskett