Let's Light It Up!

Cannabis production takes place both indoors and outdoors in Nova Scotia. While both production systems have their pros and cons, there is no denying that indoor production allows for increased consistency in environmental conditions, as well as year-round growing (structure dependent).  

For greenhouse producers, one of the major hiccups in year-round production is the amount of light available during the winter months. In order to maximize growth (and yield), certain inputs are required to create continuity and consistency through the seasons - One of these potential inputs is artificial lighting. 

For strictly indoor producers, artificial lighting is crucial. This is what will fuel your plant growth year round, and will make up a significant portion of your initial investment and monthly energy costs. 

For those of you who are considering protected production, the adoption of indoor lighting is a big investment, and there are a lot of variables to consider in the decision-making process. Check out our newest factsheet on greenhouse lighting, which explores the pros and cons of LED versus traditional light fixtures, defines light and the various units used to describe it, as well as the tools required to measure it.   

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

SUMMARY of BugBites! Session 5: Fungus Gnats and Shore Flies

Review Part 2: Shore Fly Management

While shore files (Ephydridae) are primarily seen as a nuisance in protected production spaces, they can also degrade the quality of your plants. Adults are known to leave 'fly vomit' behind as they make their way through the production space. These small black specks can be found on plant parts and growing surfaces, and are no aesthetic addition to your pristine green canopies. 

The following information is a summary of session 5 of the BugBites Series: Fungus Gnats and Shorefly Suppression with Beneficial Organisms. To watch the full session, click here! 

Pest Description: 

Adult shore flies, although similar in size to a fungus gnat, are comparable to regular house flies in appearance. These insects can be identified by the 5 white spots on their wings. 

Larvae are semi-aquatic, which can be identified by their Y-shaped breathing tubes. The larvae are semi-aquatic in nature, and can range from cream-coloured to brown.  

Monitoring and Scouting: 

Traditional yellow sticky cards are effective for monitoring and catching adult shore flies. These insects are much stronger fliers compared to fungus gnats, so placement of the yellow sticky cards right at the soil line is less critical. 

Biological Control Options: 

The best method for managing shore fly populations is to manage algae build-up around the facility. The larvae, which are semi-aquatic, rely on algae as their food source. By removing a key part of their reproductive cycle, pest population sizes will be limited. The best way to manage algae is to repair any leaky points along the irrigation system, and carefully sloped surfaces to keep water from pooling. 

Next is insect management. By conducting regular scouting checks of the crop, and maintaining populations of biological control agents, you can limit the degree of pest infestation.

Dalotia coriaria; Rove beetle

• Predator to both shoreflies and fungus gnats
• Both adults and larvae are predatory
• Orange larvae are noticeable in the soil
• Adults readily move around via flight
• Ready establish in greenhouses
• Works well in hydroponic systems

Figure 2. A photo of a rove beetle in the adult (left) and larval (right) stages. stuck to a yellow sticky card.  Image taken from the BugBites! Session 5 presentation

The use of rearing boxes allows for a slow-release approach, and will help maintain beetle populations through the season. Rearing boxes can be as basic as media (ex. peat, vermiculite) set inside a Tupperware container, and supplemented with food (ex dog or fish food, artemia). It is crucial to keep this moist, but not wet. These can be placed under benches.

Steinernema feltiae; entemopathogenic nematode

• Target fungus gnats, shoreflies, thrips pupae and many others
• Forage in the top inch or two of the soil
• Water into your growing media lightly- if they get too far in, they will not be able to combat pest populations
• Not highly mobile
• 50-78F are ideal conditions
• Well suited for greenhouse environments
• Susceptible to being washed away in rockwool
• When growing in rockwool, apply after the last irrigation of the day to give them a chance to establish

Steinernema carpocapsae, entemopathogenic nematode

• Target shore flies, and thrips pupae
• Good at finding mobile pests
• No problem working in/establishing on rockwool
• Lives on soil surface (use very little water when applying to prevent from washing them too deep into the growing media)
• Ideal temp is 57-84
• well suited for greenhouse environments

* Both nematodes listed here can be applied together, since they focus on different parts of the soil.

The key for management here is prevention. By adding nematodes and rove beetles into your production routine, and managing algae growth around the facility, shore fly populations should be significantly reduced. 

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

SUMMARY of BugBites! Session 5: Fungus Gnats and Shore Flies

Review pt 1:Fungus Gnats

Although fungus gnats (Sciaridae) are primarily seen as a nuisance in indoor production spaces, they are responsible for a lot more than that! As a result of their favourite food source (plant roots), these pests are capable of acquiring and spreading fungal disease amongst the crop.

The following information is a summary of session 5 of the BugBites Series: Fungus Gnats and Shorefly Suppression with Beneficial Organisms. To watch the full session, click here! 

Pest Description: 

Adult fungus gnats are mosquito-like insects with long legs, and a characteristic y-shaped wing vein. Adults can be found hanging around or near the soil, mostly under plant canopy. The fungus gnat larvae are white with a shiny black head. Larvae spend most of their time underground and will feed on the roots. 

Figure 1. A photo of an adult fungus gnat stuck to a yellow sticky card. Below, is an image of the fungus gnat larvae. If you look closely, you can see the characteristic black head at the end of the larva. Image taken from the BugBites! Session 5 presentation. 

Monitoring and Scouting: 

Adults are not strong fliers, meaning that sticky cards will only be effective when placed close to the soil line. If placed correctly, traditional sticky cards are a great tool to monitor population sizes.

As an attractant, some growers will use half a potato, or a potato slice, placed in a pot to draw larvae up from the soil. As the larvae are accustomed to feeding on roots, the use of a tuber is a big draw.

For the adults there are various traps available. These traps typically involve the use of an attractant (ex. UV bulb) and a way to capture the insects (sticky cards, soapy water solution etc.). This is useful for general scouting purposes as well as mass trapping.

Biological Control Options: 

As with any biological control program, prevention is the first line of defense in controlling population sizes. By conducting regular scouting checks of the crop, and maintaining populations of biological control agents, you can limit the degree of pest infestation.

Dalotia coriaria; Rove beetle

•  Predator to both shoreflies and fungus gnats
•  Both adults and larvae are predators
• Orange larvae will be noticeable in your soil
• Adults readily move around via flight

• Establish readily in greenhouses and work well in hydroponic systems
  
  

Figure 2. A photo of a rove beetle in the adult (left) and larval (right) stages. stuck to a yellow sticky card.  Image taken from the BugBites! Session 5 presentation

The use of rearing boxes allows for a slow-release approach and will help maintain beetle populations through the season. Rearing boxes can be as basic as media (ex. peat, vermiculite) set inside a Tupperware container, and supplemented with food (ex dog or fish food, artemia). It is crucial to keep this moist, but not wet. These can be placed under benches.

Bacillus thuringeniensis israeleinsis 

•  Functions as a stomach toxin for fungus gnats
•  Best applied via soil drench or chemigation. Irrigation is not ideal as the soil needs to get very wet to allow for good establishment of the biopesticide

Stratiolaelaps scimitus; predatory mite

• Target fungus gnat larvae
•  Well suited for greenhouse environments: optimum development temperature of 25^oC (77^oF)
• Ideal range is 15-30^oC (59-86^oF)
• Live in the top half inch of the soil: best applied to the substrate surface after transplant
• Want to avoid burying too deep in the growing media
• Does not establish well in rockwool
• Persistent control agents, and can provide season-long protection

                                               

Figure 3. An image of an adult predatory mite. Image taken from the BugBites! Session 5 presentation

S. scimitus can be mixed with Dalotia, but it is not recommended to introduce them before adding into the crop. They will feed on each other, so make sure they are spread evenly throughout the canopy when distributed.

Steinernema feltiae; entemopathogenic nematode

• Target fungus gnats, shoreflies, thrips pupae and many others
• Forage in the top inch or two of the soil
• Water into your growing media lightly- if they get too far in, they will not work
• Not highly mobile
• Well suited for greenhouse environments with an ideal temperature range of 10-25^oC (50-78^oF)

• Susceptible to being washed away in rockwool
• When growing in rockwool, apply after the last irrigation of the day to give them a chance to establish

By ensuring thorough protection against all life stages of the fungus gnat, you should be able to keep populations at bay! Prevention is everything, so be sure to apply biologicals preventatively and as needed.

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

Invitation to Perennia's Annual General Meeting

 

Join us Thursday, June 24th at 2:00 PM (AST) for Perennia’s 2020/2021 Virtual Annual General Meeting. Click  here to register!

Pilot Program for Nation-wide Monitoring of European Corn Borer

European Corn Borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis) has been an important pest of corn and other crops in eastern Canada for nearly a century now. It is becoming well known that ECB is a generalist feeder, and has a wide range of hosts - including cannabis!

ECB larvae will enter larger stems of the cannabis plant, hollow out the contents, and disrupt the flow of water and sugars to all parts of the plant. These hollowed-out stems lack structural integrity, and will cause top-heavy plants to cave. Larvae that make their way up into smaller stems may result in wilting leaves in the infected area. 

For more information on ECB, check out our factsheet.

Figure 1. An image of a ECB larvae that is taking refuge within the stem of a cannabis plant in Nova Scotia. Photo credit: Alex Gillis

With a recent confirmation of ECB resistance to Cry1F Bt corn in Nova Scotia, there is an increased need to monitor pest distribution across Canada. The Surveillance Working Group of the Canadian Plant Health Council has developed a harmonized monitoring protocol for ECB. This can be used to report the sightings of eggs, larvae, or any crop damage observed across Canada. It is encouraged that you try the harmonized monitoring protocol and report the data from your production using the free Survey123 app (available for both desktop and mobile devices):

• Early to Mid-Season ECB Survey (Before July) - https://arcg.is/0qCCHH
• Later Season ECB Survey (July to Pre-Harvest) - https://arcg.is/fSODf

You can log your information without creating a profile. A hard copy version is also available. 

Why should you care?

Real-time reporting may help estimate the risk of outbreaks in your region, and target the ideal window for scouting and management. At the end of the growing season, maps illustrating the results of the monitoring program will be made available on the 'Great Lakes and Maritimes Pest Monitoring Network', and the 'Prairie Pest Monitoring Network' websites, among others. 

Please feel free to contact Tracey Baute (OMAFRA), Meghan Vankosky (AAFC-Saskatchewan), John Gavloski (Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development), James Tansey (Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture) or Brigitte Duval (MAPAQ) if you have questions about this pilot project.

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

Weighing the Options on Ground Cover

 
There are many benefits to incorporating ground cover into your growing space. This woven or plastic material can drastically reduce weed pressure, presence of mud in the grow space, and protect your produce from soil particles. It acts as a barrier to pests and disease lingering on the surface of the ground and will impact the climate in your growing space.

Ground cover comes in different colours and source materials. Check out our new fact sheet (https://www.perennia.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Fact-Sheet-Ground-Cover-final.pdf) to explore the options available and decide which will be best suited for your space!

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

Things are Heating Up!

Thanks to our friends at AAFC, we have the capability to compare our current weather data to that of the past! This helps us understand where we are in the grand scheme of things, and assists in the planning and execution of outdoor planting and field trials. 

Based on the weather measured from March 1st to May 10th 2021, we are right on track with what was observed in 2017 for number of days above 5°C. As we amp it up to base 10 degree days, we see we are tracking similar to 2018, and are right on the heels of 2013. 

Despite a relatively dry winter/early spring, we have managed to catch up to the 10 year average the last few weeks! The red line on the graph tracks the cumulative precipitation of 2021, compared to that captured in previous years. Note that 2020 was tracking relatively similar to what we observed earlier this year. Hopefully things continue to progress on the wetter side of things and ease the stress surrounding hot dry growing seasons!

It is important to note that these values were collected at the Kentville Research Station - microclimates DO exist throughout the valley, as well as across province, so this is merely a guideline! For more site-specific information, consider installing your own weather monitoring station!

Posted by: Talia Plaskett

Water Woes

Irrigation management can be tricky, especially for those who are experimenting with new systems. From field producers who want to see more consistency in their watering, to those moving into an indoor production space, to those who are experimenting with soilless substrate, we have you covered! The commodity specialists at Perennia decided it was time to buckle down and tackle irrigation as a whole. 

Introducing our "Getting into the Weeds" Series! These sessions were designed to start with the basics, and build up from there, addressing some of the most commonly asked questions in plant agriculture. 

                             

Session 1: Water Movement through the soil - make every drop count
Session 2: Planning and Design of a Drip Irrigation System
Session 3: Operating and Managing a Drip Irrigation System
Session 4: Pivot and Guns: Irrigation System Management
Session 5: Fertigation: Integrating Nutrients with Irrigation Options
Session 6: Making the Switch to Soilless Substrate
Session 7: Irrigating my Soilless Substrate 
Session 8: Disease Management in Irrigated Crops 

Be sure to check these out, and see how your irrigation practices compare! 

Posted by: Talia Plaskett